Germanium is a Metalloids element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Located in period 4, group 14 (p-block), it has an atomic weight of 72.63 u and is classified as a solid at standard temperature and pressure. First identified in 1886 by Clemens Winkler in Germany. Germanium has an electron configuration of [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p² with 4 electron shells containing 2, 8, 18, 4 electrons respectively. It is commonly used in: fiber optics, infrared optics, semiconductors.

锗是一种准金属元素,符号为Ge,原子序数为32。位于第4周期,第14族(p区),原子量为72.63 u,在标准温度和压力下为固体。于1886 年首次被确认,由Clemens Winkler发现。锗的电子排布为[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²,具有4个电子层,分别含有2、8、18、4个电子。常见用途包括:光纤,红外光学,半导体。

Basic Properties基本属性

Atomic Number原子序数
32
Atomic Weight原子量
72.63 u
Category分类
Metalloids准金属
State at STP标准状态
Solid固体
Period周期
4
Group
14
Block
p-blockp区

Physical Properties物理性质

Melting Point熔点
+938.25°C
Boiling Point沸点
+2833°C
Density密度
5.32 g/cm³
Crystal Structure晶体结构
Diamond Cubic金刚石立方
Atomic Radius原子半径
125 pm
Ionic Radius离子半径
53 pm
Electronegativity电负性
2.01

Electron Configuration电子排布

Config电子构型
[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
Shells电子层
2, 8, 18, 4
Oxidation States氧化态
-4, +2, +4

Electron Shells电子层结构

2e⁻
8e⁻
18e⁻
4e⁻

Discovery发现历史

Year年份
18861886 年
Discoverer发现者
Clemens Winkler
Country国家
Germany德国

Uses & Applications用途

Fiber optics, infrared optics, semiconductors

光纤,红外光学,半导体

Common Compounds常见化合物

Room Temperature常温特性

grayish-white

灰白色

Did You Know? 你知道吗?

The name Germanium comes from Ge and it was first identified in 1886.

锗的名称来源于其符号Ge,于1886年首次被确认。

Memory Aid记忆口诀

The first transistor used germanium

半导体先驱

Appearance外观

grayish-white

灰白色

Safety Information安全须知

  • Handle with standard laboratory precautions. Refer to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for detailed handling instructions.
  • 按照标准实验室预防措施处理。详细操作说明请参阅安全数据表(SDS)。

Related Elements (Same Group 14)相关元素(同第14族)

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Compare Elements元素对比

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