Silicon is a Metalloids element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. Located in period 3, group 14 (p-block), it has an atomic weight of 28.085 u and is classified as a solid at standard temperature and pressure. First identified in 1824 by Jons Jacob Berzelius in Sweden. Silicon has an electron configuration of [Ne] 3s² 3p² with 3 electron shells containing 2, 8, 4 electrons respectively. It is commonly used in: computer chips, glass, concrete, solar cells.

硅是一种准金属元素,符号为Si,原子序数为14。位于第3周期,第14族(p区),原子量为28.085 u,在标准温度和压力下为固体。于1824 年首次被确认,由Jons Jacob Berzelius发现。硅的电子排布为[Ne] 3s² 3p²,具有3个电子层,分别含有2、8、4个电子。常见用途包括:计算机芯片,玻璃,混凝土,太阳能电池。

Basic Properties基本属性

Atomic Number原子序数
14
Atomic Weight原子量
28.085 u
Category分类
Metalloids准金属
State at STP标准状态
Solid固体
Period周期
3
Group
14
Block
p-blockp区

Physical Properties物理性质

Melting Point熔点
+1414°C
Boiling Point沸点
+3265°C
Density密度
2.33 g/cm³
Crystal Structure晶体结构
Diamond Cubic金刚石立方
Atomic Radius原子半径
111 pm
Ionic Radius离子半径
40 pm
Electronegativity电负性
1.9

Electron Configuration电子排布

Config电子构型
[Ne] 3s² 3p²
Shells电子层
2, 8, 4
Oxidation States氧化态
-4, +2, +4

Electron Shells电子层结构

2e⁻
8e⁻
4e⁻

Discovery发现历史

Year年份
18241824 年
Discoverer发现者
Jons Jacob Berzelius
Country国家
Sweden瑞典

Uses & Applications用途

Computer chips, glass, concrete, solar cells

计算机芯片,玻璃,混凝土,太阳能电池

Common Compounds常见化合物

Room Temperature常温特性

dark gray with bluish tinge

深灰色带蓝色调

Did You Know? 你知道吗?

The name Silicon comes from Si and it was first identified in 1824.

硅的名称来源于其符号Si,于1824年首次被确认。

Memory Aid记忆口诀

Silicon Valley runs on silicon chips

芯片之心

Appearance外观

dark gray with bluish tinge

深灰色带蓝色调

Safety Information安全须知

  • Handle with standard laboratory precautions. Refer to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for detailed handling instructions.
  • 按照标准实验室预防措施处理。详细操作说明请参阅安全数据表(SDS)。

Related Elements (Same Group 14)相关元素(同第14族)

View Compare 查看对比

Compare Elements元素对比

Full View完整对比

Science Articles 元素科普文章

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Why Lithium Powers EV Batteries 为什么锂成为了电动汽车电池的关键元素

The chemistry and global supply chain behind the lightest metal driving the EV revolution. 最轻的金属如何驱动电动汽车革命:化学原理与全球供应链。

How Silicon Powers the Digital World 硅如何驱动现代数字世界

From beach sand to billions of transistors — how element 14 built the Information Age. 从海滩沙粒到数十亿晶体管——14号元素如何构建信息时代。

Why Helium Is More Valuable Than You Think 为什么氦比想象的更有价值

Beyond party balloons — helium's irreplaceable role in MRI, semiconductors, and space. 超越派对气球——氦在MRI、半导体和航天中不可替代的角色。